The Lima Temple closes for two weeks -- Vacation time

The Lima Temple was closed for the first two weeks of August. This occurs every six months to allow for maintenance and upkeep.  We used the vacation time to travel to several destinations in Peru.  Not bad for a full time mission. Where else can you have four weeks of vacation plus Christmas and New Years? Several of our family including a grandson came to visit for a week. We made our second visit to Cusco and Machu Picchu. This time we were a little better prepared having had six months to brush up on Inca history, lore, and astronomical alignments.

The Angel Moroni is getting cleaned and additional gold leaf

Our first trip was to the Casma valley, about three hours north of Lima, where we visited the oldest solar observatory in the Americas. It is known as Chanquillo. A currently unknown culture built the observatory and fortress about 400 BC. It has been determined the fortress was not for defensive purposes but ceremonial in nature.

Thirteen stone towers line the hilltop as seen from the fortress.
This solar observatory allowed the local inhabitants to tell
within a day or so the date of the year. 

We next traveled south of Lima to a coastal location called Paracas. It is home to the Islas de Ballestas or the Ballestas Islands.  They are known as the little Galapagos Islands of Peru and were not a long boat ride from the Hotel Libertador where we stayed. We circled the islands with our daughter and grandson and saw thousands of birds, sea  lions, dolphins, and even a few penguins. We toured the National Reserve of Paracas, which is one of the dryest regions on the planet and yet its western boundary is the Pacific Ocean.  The Humboldt Current keeps any rain from falling. Our guide explained that in a year not more than a centimeter of rain falls.

The hotel pool and reflection pond at the Libertador in Paracas

Fabulous food, even Josh enjoyed it

A penguin and sea lions on the Ballestas Islands

In addition to the Andes Mountain chain, the largest in the world, the cliffs along the seacoast just south of Paracas and the Islas de Ballestas were formed from the upthrust of the Pacific Plate subducting under the South American Plate. This thrust, including some volcanic activity, has brought both basalt and porphyry granite to the surface.  This distinctive red granite is some several billion years old and among the oldest rocks on the planet.  A red beach exists because of the action of water and wind on the red granite cliffs.

Playa Rojo or the Red Beach at Paracas

Josh enjoyed the deserts in Peru including lucuma ice cream

Next we journeyed, six of us, to Cusco and a return trip to Machu Picchu for RA and I. Our flight was delayed four hours, so our time to tour the great fortress Sacsayhuaman above Cusco was limited. We wanted to see the cathedral where the painting hangs done by Quechua native artists showing Christ and the Twelve enjoying cuy or guinea pig on a platter for the Last Supper. Time did not permit a visit but we found a photo on the web to share. Among other things a number of holidays observed by the Inca/Quechua people were taken over by the Spanish and became Christian traditions and observances. The practice of melding together distinct cultures is known as syncretism.  The cuy for the Last Supper is a wonderful example of this.

It is a guinea pig or cuy on the platter. Unlikely that one average sized cuy even miraculously could feed the Lord and the Twelve. They are small, though efforts are underway here in Lima to breed larger cuy.

This was the most important temple in the Incan Empire. Known as Inti Qancha,  Qori Qancha or the Temple of the Sun. It was lined with solid sheets of gold both floors and walls. The gold was removed to pay for the ransom of the last Emperor Atahualpa. Mostly, it was destroyed to build the Dominican Monastery that occupies the site presently.

All of us at Sacsayhuaman. The stone work was classical Inca and beautiful.

The Inca understood seismic loadings better than anyone for more than 500 years to the present day.
This lintel has withstood massive earthquakes through the centuries and even the Spanish conquistadores.

We made several stops along the way in the Sacred Valley between Cusco and Machu Picchu including the fascinating Incan ruins of Ollantaytambo. Locals in the village still live in stone houses and structures dating to the mid 15th Century. They have the claim of being the oldest continuous lived in dwellings in the western hemisphere, or the world for that matter. Ollantaytambo was built by the Incan Emperor Pachacuti.  There are interestings carvings in stone on a mountain side including the Incan God Viracocha and an Incan Emperor, presumably Pachacuti.

The Winter Solstice at sunrise would illuminate the carved face of the Sapa Inca

bringing the promise of longer days and another growing season to the Andes.

Viracocha carved in the face of the cliff.  Universally worshiped in

pre Spanish Peru as the great creator god.  During the reign of Pachacuti the

Sun God became preeminent in the theology of the Inca as an effort to bring 

unity and consolidate control by this emperor of the Incas. His claim was that

he descended from the sun. 

Mary with a baby llama in the Sacred Valley near Cusco

Celestial alignments for solar and star gazing were essential parts of the religious life of the Inca and the earlier people of the Andes. Fortunately, for Peru and the world, the conquistadores never came to Machu Picchu or it would have been destroyed, as was nearly every other location where they visited. Buildings were literally ripped apart as the conquistadores were looking for hidden stashes of gold between the stones. Machu Picchu remains a place that in every way is as breathtaking as its 8,000 feet of elevation.  In the words of National Geographic explorer and archaeologist Johann Reinhard, it is one place where "reality exceeds expectation."

Adam and Natalie with Huayna Picchu in the background

Looking toward the Temple of the Sun and the Intihuatana Stone

We climbed to the Sun Gate above Machu Picchu, about a two hour roundtrip hike on Inca Trail. Over this mountain peak the rising solstice sun would illuminate the Intihuatana Stone and most importantly the Torreon or The Temple of the Sun.

The Sun Gate in the distance and the trail on the right leading to it.

From the Sun Gate looking toward the Intihuatana Stone

Mary at the Sun Gate

Some tired tourists at Machu Picchu

Our favorite restaurant in Lima on our last night with the family.  It is owned and operated by a family from Arequipa Peru. The ribs, chicken, cuy and papas fritas are the best. It is called "A La Leña.:

Tree ripened bananas and temples older than the pyramids of Egypt

We returned from two days of touring archaeological sites in the Casma/Sechin Valley, which is about four hours north of Lima along the Pan American Highway. We visited several sites. The oldest of the structures datse to about 3500 BCE. These constructions predate the pyramids of Egypt by a thousand years, making them the oldest in the Americas as well.  Sorry, George Potter, but they predate the Jaredites also. We have been studying and reading about these fascinating sites including several journal articles. Very good information comes from professionals trained in the field such as Peru's well known archaeologist Ivan Ghezzi. He is a Yale PhD, and has extensively studied these sites in the Casma/Sechin Valley and others from Peru's past. 

Seen from the air, the oldest of three different Sechin Complexes

We also hiked about the oldest solar observatory in the Americas and to a hilltop fortress overlooking the valley or pampas. The complex is named Chankillo. It dates to the 4th century BC. We hoped to observe the setting sun in the solar observatory but clouds prevented us. Though Casma Peru is known as the city of eternal sun, the included photo required some 'photoshopping' to illustrate the rising sun between one of the 13 stone towers on the hill.

The residents of Chankillo could determine the month of the year by 

observing the rising or setting sun from either side of this hill which

had 13 stone towers or torres piedras. Their year like the Inca, 2,000 

years after them, started with the Winter Solstice of June 21. 

The fortress on the hilltop overlooking the valley. Two wooden towers once 

stood in the center.  The fortress was likely used for ceremonial functions
more than as a defensive structure. This conclusion was reached  for a variety of reasons
 according to Dr. Ghezzi. 

The fortress walls were 12-15 tall in places but all had suffered serious damage

from the 1970 earthquake.

Three distinct constructions of the wall are evident in this outer wall of the fortress

The fortress overlooking the valley is three walled, but a serious earthquake in 1970 damaged this site and much of Northern Peru. The earthquake ranged from 7.9 to 8.1 on the Richter Scale and lasted only for 45 seconds. Over a million people were left homeless and estimates are that 80,000 Peruvians perished in the disaster. Relief efforts were slow in coming as the Pan American Highway was too severely damaged to allow passage. Many archaeological sites were damaged including this fortress at Chankillo whose walls before 1970 had been much taller. Many of the structures destroyed were adobe, not designed for any seismic loadings. No tsunami was created by this quake where the Nazca Plate subducts under the South American Plate. Peru is no stranger to serious earthquakes and is part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. This area stretches from Japan through the Aleutians and down the West Coast of the US and through western South America.  90% of the world's earthquakes and 80% of the largest earthquakes in the world occur along this Ring of Fire. Volcanos too, dot the map along this horseshoe shaped ring.

This photo from the news archives of Peru needs no caption

In Casma we enjoyed incredible food including a speciality of the area, called Ceviche de Pato con Frejoles. I would not have ordered duck as there was cuy de pica (pepper spiced guinea pig) on the menu. It is also one of the local favorites. I have not had duck before in Peru but our friend C ordered it, so I tried it and was very pleased. This restaurant had a photo of Peru's last president on the wall with the owners.  If Alan Garcia ate there you know it had to be good.

I had thought all cebiche was uncooked fish or seafood but 

this was wonderfully cooked duck with beans and rice

Coming and going through the valley we passed orchards of mango, papaya trees, bananas, asparagus and cotton fields. Peru is world famous for many things including its Algodon Pima Cotton.  The cotton plants were much taller than anything I have seen in the Southern US or Arizona.  Shirts made from this Peruvian cotton have a shine and softness almost like silk.

The cotton plants were easily six feet tall. 

Oranges and bananas in your yard, imagine 

We love the archaeological sites and certainly nothing compares to Machu Picchu. We are returning there next week with family. The high point of this trip was the encounter we had with the 81 year old patriarch.  We walked through his farm and orchards to get to this oldest ruin in the Casma Valley, called Sechin Bajo. Sr. Silva offered us fresh bananas picked from one of his trees. We had eaten his oranges and we stopped on our return from the ruins to pay him. There were six of us plundering his orange tree and maracuya vines. He was very happy to receive payment and asked if I liked "platinos frescas?" "Claro" or "of course," I responded.  He was very happy to share his fruit with us. We had a pleasant conversation about how good the bananas and oranges were and how much better the food in Peru is than the USA. He seemed very pleased that I liked so many Peruvian dishes including cebiche. Anyone who knows the difference between store bought tomatoes and something you grow yourself in your garden can understand what it could be like to have tree ripened bananas and oranges too.

Our new friend Señor Silva looks better at 81 than I do at 63. He attributed it

to his diet of organic fruits and vegetables that he grows on his farm. That is

his house to the left. Part of it is made from adobe the other from dried sticks

bound  and woven together and covered with clay and other earthen materials. 

We have observed this same type of composite waddle and daub construction in

the earliest structures we have visited. It is once again becoming popular as a 

sustainable form of home construction.

We visited longer and he told us of the site and how many people had come to it.  He is hoping the archaeologists will get the funding to continue to work at Sechin Bajo.  Scientists believe further excavation could result in older ruins, pushing back even further civilization in Peru. Our new friend Sr. Silva asked that we return. I would like to do that again one day. We wish we were more fluent in his language.  He has undoubtedly seen many things and has many stories to tell. There are more ruins in
the complex to be visited and hopefully on a clear morning watch the rise of the sun over Chankillo.

The stairs to the Sechin Cerro or 3rd period construction are divided in two

as is the entire temple complex.  Scientists theorize this was symbolic of the

duality of life. It was about opposites for the Sechin people. 

A Sechin warrior carved in relief at this third period temple

mural. He is carrying a war club. The mural, larger than life,
included many depictions of decapitations, severed limbs,
and eyeless victims expressing pain. Some question has
been raised whether they should be interpreted as mythical
characters, or as part of ritualized warfare, rather than actual
battle or combat. 

The Lima Temple and Others in the Ancient Land of Peru

We are in the midst of a number of important dates in Peru. The 28th of July was Peruvian Independence Day and this year coincided with the inauguration of a new president.  June 21 is the Winter Solstice for the Southern Hemisphere and corresponds with the first month of the Incan New Year. The festival associated with this is called Inti Raymi, or festival of the sun god. The festival is held on the 24th of June as the sun appeared to stand still for several days according to the Inca. It was practiced for several years following the Spanish Conquest, but suppressed for more than 400 years. Currently recreated from early accounts of Spanish chronicles it is performed annually in Cusco having begun again in 1944.

The Inti Raymi festival being reenacted above Cusco at the fortress of Sacsayhuaman

We continue to be fascinated with the culture and sophistication with which the Inca and the previous cultures of Peru tracked their world and planned their lives around solar and stellar observations. We have arranged a tour this week to the oldest solar observatory in the Americas which dates to 400 BCE.  It is known as Chanquillo. The culture and people who built it are so far unidentified by scientists, though a number of ceramic figurines have been recovered illustrating distinct classes of the former inhabitants including warriors. Ancient weapons have also been recovered from the site. Aside from the fascinating 13 towers that dominate the skyline of one hill there, a significant fortress dominates the remains of the community with thick and high walls. Warfare then was likely known at Chanquillo. We'll be posting photos and writing about that experience.

The windows of the Temple of the Sun in Machu Picchu allow the morning

sun to bisect the altar stone.  In addition the rise of Pleiades was observed

along with other astronomical events. The Temple is still being studied by
archaeoastronomers.

The first of August is an important time for the people of the Andes and the Inca. A little more than a month after the rising of Pleiades, the Sapa Inca or the Incan Emperor, would ceremoniously begin to furrow the ground with his gold tipped plow putting in the first maize. The Pleiades star cluster was known amongst most all ancient cultures and is mentioned three times in the Old Testament including the 38th chapter of Job, verse 31, wherein Jehovah asks this question of Job, "Canst thou bind the sweet influences of Pleiades, or loose the bands of Orion?"

Windows marked A and B determined the solstices. The rising of Pleiades or

Collca is observed through Window A. PW is the problem window as the scientists

are still determining its function

The exterior of the Temple of the Sun with Windows A & B clearly shown.
Note the projections built into the stone walls. Experts believe these held
attachements utilized for solar or astronomical purposes. Likely they were
made of gold or some other precious metal. 

Festivals accompanied the many important dates in the Inca calendar that ordered the life of the people of the Andes as they did elsewhere in the world through the millenia. Indigenous farmers then and now still climb to the tops of the mountains to observe Pleiades or Collca or Catachillay as it is known in Quechua, (the predominant language of the Inca), to ascertain and predict with some accuracy how well their crops will do in the coming growing season.  Apparently, their success in predicting weather patterns and most importantly the rainfall during the rainey season two months ahead is accurate to at least 65% of the time, putting them on a par, or ahead of Mark Eubank's Weatherbank technology. All of this by observing the Pleiades as it rises in the early morning horizon. At the time of its rising it could appear less brilliant and fewer stars would be counted. The number of stars visible would allow the farmers to make accurate climate predictions. Scientists have concluded they were in reality measuring the water content of the upper atmosphere which was directly tied to the strength of the Humboldt Current off Peru's coast and the troublesome presence of El Niño. El Niño brings drought to the farmers of the Andes.

Subaru is the name the Japanese have given to the Pleiades. Thanks Watson 

for the discussion on this star cluster.

Temples, huacas, stones, pillars, and towers were once scattered throughout western South America, but few survived the Spanish colonial period, except in Machu Picchu. We will be visiting it again in just over a week. The Lima Temple is closed for two weeks for semiannual maintenance. High on our list will be the Intihuatana Stone and the Temple of the Sun. At the Temple of the Sun in Machu Picchu, and the remains of what is left of a similar temple in Cusco, scientists have long speculated but now confirmed their orientation and architecture was important in determining these astronomical events, such as the rising of Pleiades. Other events included the winter and summer solstices and the equinox were determinmed and more still awaiting discovery.  The very lives and survival of the Andean peoples depended on their ability to accurately determine optimum conditions to plant, tend, and harvest their crops of potatoes, maize, quinoa, peppers and other tubers in their delicate environment.

The planting of potatoes on an Andean hillside as it is done today

More than 3,000 kinds of potatoes have been identified in Peru. Many of them grow in elevations close to 12-13,000 feet.  They first seem to have been domesticated near Lake Titicaca some 8000 years ago. The conquistadores took them back to Europe on their return journeys in addition to the gold, silver and precious gems they took from the Inca.

The Temple of the Sun at Machu Picchu combines the three levels 

of the Incan cosmology, the earth beneath wherein is this lower

level which was the Royal Tomb of the Inca Emperor Pachacuti. His 

mummy would have been stored there and brought our for the 

various festivals observed by the Inca. The ground floor contains

 the altar stone with the marks for determining various astronomical

and solar events. The windows allowed observation of the heavens.

Temples performed important functions for the Inca and their predecessors as they provided bearings, dates, and connections to the events in the lives of the former inhabitants of the Andes.  Hugh Nibley, Mormon apologist, linguist, and professor of ancient scripture at BYU, has written extensively about temples, whether they were of a Babylonian Ziggurat configuration, Hopi Kivas, Egyptian or Greek Temples, or Stonehenge on the Plain of Salisbury. On this subject he wrote: "The temple is the meeting point of the three cosmic regions, heaven, earth, and the abode of the dead. From the earliest times, temples have been built as scale models of the universe. There are three temples, one in heaven, one on earth, and one beneath the earth. The three are identical, one being built exactly over the other, with the earth temple in the very middle of everything, representing the pole or axis mundi of the heavens, around which all heavenly motions revolve, the knot that ties earth and heaven together, the seat of universal dominion. Here the four cardinal directions meet, and here the three worlds make contact." That role seems to have been adequately filled by theses wonderful stone structures, huacas, and temples of the Inca. 

RA to the side of a chicha de jora pot used for the preparation 

and fermentation of the Incan corn like beer. I have read that 

once you get past the notion that the corn was previously 

chewed in the mouths of quechua women it has a very 

nice flavor. The chewing starts the breakdown of complex

starches into fermentable sugars. 

The festival associated with the first of August is known as Herranza for a number of communities in Peru.  Associated with this festival are the herding and branding of animals. Chicha de jora is shared, though in the days of the Inca if anyone got too drunk they were executed. Chicha was also poured into the earth. The smoking of tobacco, chewing of coca leaves, singing and dancing, and the consumption of good food are part of the modern festival.

A recent batch of quinoa with onions, peppers, and tomatoes.

This food was reserved for the Sapa Inca and the nobility of the empire. 

We enjoy it for breakfast and other times. RA makes hers with nuts

and raisins. 

We will be making additonal quinoa and chicaha morada, the non alcoholic variety, in honor of this festival and the beginning of the planting season of the Inca. We will drink some, and pour some into mother earth or Pachamama, which is the quechua name for this grand and wonderful place we live and share with each other. Of course, not often in harmony and peace.  We do this in honor and out of respect for those who were here before us and their descendants we associate with each day. We will do this as we plant our aji rocoto and limo peppers.

In our neighborhood of La Molina we have a Pre-Inca huaca

or temple that is aligned with the cardinal directions of the

compass. It is called Huaca Melgarejo. It dates to the Lima
culture who occupied this part of modern Peru from 100 AD
to 650 AD.

Our walks often take us by this adobe temple mound in La  Molina. I used the digital compass and determined its orientation to the cardinal directions of the compass. I am reminded of Brigham Young's comments when the cornerstones of the Salt Lake Temple were laid to the cardinal directions. President McKay changed the architect's orientation of the Los Angeles Temple and rotated it to face East to assure its proper alignment.  Architectural aspects of the Lima LDS Temple are aligned similarly.  When Brother Nibley saw the groundwork of the Provo Temple he discovered it was not correctly aligned and wrote a letter to Salt Lake about it.  It was not changed but remains in better harmony orienting it with the hill on which it stands according to the architects.

The Pleiades Star Cluster, part of the constellation of Taurus the Bull or

Collca or Catachillay as it was known among the Inca, their predecessors,

and descendants

We continue to be impressed with the knowledge of the former inhabitants of Peru, their ability to understand their environment, sustain life, and build the greatest and most advanced empire in the Americas prior to coming of the Europeans.

Sunday Dinner Mormon Style in Peru

Yesterday, friends from the Temple came over for Sunday dinner. Typical in Utah and the intermountain area would be roast beef or some sort of pot roast at least at our house.  In Peru things are different, but no less enjoyable and tasty.  Our friends had been promising us cuy, 'Alan Garcia' size cuy.  It is a joke, since the outgoing President Garcia of Peru is very large, hence any large size cuy are named in his honor by Brother Ramos.  This president leaves with a significant majority of Peruvians disapproving of his job for the past five years even though Peru's economy grew second only to China in the world.

President Garcia did not get this way eating cuy

Large cuy are very prized and sell first in the markets.  65 million of these creatures were consumed in Peru last year and remain an important part of the diet of the average Peruvian. Since the 17th Century these rodents, neither pigs or from Guinea, have been used as test animals for laboratory experiments, resulting in the epithet, "guinea pig" as a test subject. White mice and rats have largely replaced cuy as the vehicles for laboratory testing.

   

Our friends Brother and Sister Ramos with RuthAnn

No longer found in the wilds of the Andes, they appear to have been entirely domesticated beginning about 7,000 years ago. They are rodents and subsist in table scraps from any home where they are raised.  Efforts are being made to develop markets for their meat in Japan, Europe and the US. It is unlikely, at least in the US, there will be much of a market for the meat, rather they are pets for kids. Who has not had a pet guinea pig in their childhood?

Black cuy have important roles in the folklore and traditions of many
Andean peoples and cultures often used in diagnosing and treating diseases. 

In addition to the cuy we enjoyed camote or sweet potatoes, papas amarillo or yellow potatoes, and a side dish we had cooked of quinoa, black beans, chicken, onions and a little aji pepper.  We toasted our Alan Garcia cuy, our friendship, Peru's success in the America Futbol Cup, and Arequipa, with some fresh chi cha morada also supplied by our friends.

The cuy roasted in the pan along with some Peruvian potatoes

We continue to enjoy life in Peru. We appreciate the Ramos who have introduced us to many new and interesting dishes. Food from Arequipa, even among the Limeños we work with, is recognized as among the very best in all of Peru. It is definitely 'presidential.' We should note also that rumors have been floating around the Area Offices that a third temple will be announced in Peru in the relative near future. We hope it might be in Arequipa, Peru's second largest city.

Cuy on my plate. You cannot be delicate with it and it does
require picking up pieces and using one's fingers to get
the meat from the bones. 

Quinoa or Kinwa, it's the same thing

Quinoa is a hot cereal that I have had only a mild interest in for some years. It can be used as a substitute for rice and couscous in which form I think I first experienced it in daughter Alice's kitchen. We have friends in the temple from Arequipa and they have prepared it several times for us.  Sister Ramos recipe is unlike any I have ever had and would like to duplicate, though I think it is heavy on the butter, cheese, and cream, maybe even having some chicken broth. In any case I have not found anything from Arequipa that I have not thoroughly enjoyed.

Cooked and waiting to cool to put into the refrigerator after
I had a couple small bowls

My experimenting for an alternative to my normal breakfast of eggs fried, or eggs scrambled is proceeding well with the quinoa.  I start with a third full blender of water and add an entire large onion, a rocoto pepper, a fresh tomato or two and let it rip. After everything is blended I add 4 ounces of mild white cheese, also from Arequipa, called queso paria.  If it were a lot stronger it might pass as a feta goat cheese, but queso paria is from the cow. Two cups of water and one of milk are being heated on the stove top and the enitre mixture is put together. When it starts to boil I add a 500 gram package of quinoa and let it cook, stirring occasionally until the seeds become a little softer. I add a little salt to taste. There is enough piquancy with one rocoto that RA does not complain too much. It is easier and faster to cook than rice and of course much healthier.

Quinoa plants in the farmer's field about to be harvested 

Quinoa is not a true grain like wheat or oats, but is more closely related to beets, spinach and tumbleweeds maybe amaranth too.  With the Inca it was esteemed as the mother of grains or "chisaya mama."   It has a very long history, like so many other things in Peru, and archaeologists have found non domesticated quinoa dating back 7,000 years among various ruins.

It is related to other similar plants of the Northern Hemisphere known as 'fat hen' or something called 'pitseed goosefoot.' This crop was important to a number of the indigenous inhabitants of the Americas before maize became the dominant crop though among the Inca of Peru it was second only to the potato in importance for their diet.  It is high in protein 12-18% and is a complete protein, unlike rice and wheat, which is very unusual among plants, according to Wiki. In addition, it is high in iron, magnesium, phosphorous, and a good source of dietary fiber. The Spanish Conquistadores forbade its planting for a time making the Inca substitute wheat in its place. For many years, even centuries, well into the colonial period, it was viewed as "indian food." So important was it to the Inca that the emperor would plant the first seeds of the new crop with a golden shovel. It was sacred to the Inca. Maybe I can find a golden spoon to enjoy our quinoa for breakfast and lunches at the temple.

One funny story I had read elsewhere, in researching quinoa, concerned efforts by genetic engineers to modify the quinoa seeds to remove the very bitter and protective coating on the seeds called saponins.  Through successful breeding and genetic modification strains of quinoa were grown without this bitter coating. It also has a serious laxative effects and some care has to be taken by the processors in removing the saponin during processing.  Several fields were planted for farmers here in Peru and with some amount of expectation with increased profits due to less processing time. A good deal of enthusiasm was exhibited as these GM crops neared harvest.  When the seeds began to change color signaling harvest time, thousands of birds also determining this quinoa had been grown for them descended on the defenseless plants.  One observer likened it to Alfred Hitchcock's movie 'The Birds.' Quinoa remains unmodified today, being the same plant that has been planted and harvested in the Andes mountains and plateaus for thousands of years.

We want to learn to prepare quinoa Arequipa style. I did find twenty+ recommended recipes for this versatile grain on a web site called allrecipes.com

100th Anniversary of Hiram Bingham's visit to Machu Picchu

Next month when the Lima Temple closes we will make our journey once again to the sacred mountain city of the Inca, Machu Picchu. We visited previously in February of this year with our friends the Cooks  and Miky.

All of us at the entrance to Machu Picchu.  We arrived during the rainy
season but had incredible weather as the clouds were lifting from above the city

There are a number of theories about what role Machu Picchu played in the life of the Inca civilization and the last Emperor Pachacuti who ruled there.  It might have been a royal residence, a resort, a fortress, a prison, a holy site or some combination of the aforementioned. In July of 1911 Hiram Bingham, the first American to visit it, announced to the world he had "discovered" Machu Picchu. Though he is credited with this, several other non native explorers had been there prior to Bingham. The artifacts and treasure removed by Bingham and lodged at Yale University for a hundred years have partially been returned to Peru with a little encouragement from the Obama Administration. The artifacts are now on display in Cusco where they should be.

The Intihuatana Stone determined the solar equinoxes and solstices. 

Recent work done by Dr. Johan Reinhard, an explorer and anthropologist in residence with National Geographic, suggests another theory not totally at odds with the others but emphasizing the religious nature of Machu Picchu.  It is based on the notion of "sacred landscape." Machu Picchu is located in mountainous terrain at about 8,000 feet in elevation surrounded by the Urubamba River. Mountains, rivers, and other natural features of the land were sacred to the Inca and known as huacas. Four adjacent mountains, one in each of the cardinal directions, align the city with this highest and perhaps most important point, the Intihuatana Stone.These stones were to be found throughout Peru before the Spanish came to aid the many cultures and civilizations prior and including the Inca to track the seasons for planting, the expected arrival of the rainy season and for harvesting.

The Temple of the Sun. Windows allow the sun to shine across

the altar stone at both solstices. The heliacal rise of Pleiades was

also observed from one of the windows. 

Machu Picchu escaped destruction by the Conquistadores because it may have been partially abandoned prior to Pizaro's conquest of the Inca.  It is postulated smallpox or typhoid fever wiped out many of the indigenous peoples of the Americas not long after Columbus set foot in the Caribbean. One scholar, Charles Mann, in his book "1491" estimates upwards of 100 million indigenous peoples inhabited the Americas prior to the arrival of the Europeans. The Inca fell to the Spanish due to their weakened state brought about by factionalism, civil war, and the European diseases which arrived well before Pizaro.

The Urubamba River nearly circumnavigates Machu Picchu

Continued studies will be made and theories will be modified as time passes but Machu Picchu will remain a place so incredible words cannot adequately describe its beauty, the skill with which it was built, and its location high in the Andes. Dr. Reinhard fittingly observed Machu Picchu is a place "where reality exceeds expectations."